Aug 26: Abbey Road

A cross posting from my Geography on/in Film blog and Cultcha blog.

Images emerged last week from the filming of four new films by Sam Mendes. Each film will focus on one member of The Beatles.

It was a picture of the band crossing the famous Abbey Road level crossing.

Image: Apple Records - taken by Iain Macmillan

This is a much copied image. The article mentions some other bands which have created their own versions for album covers.

For locals it is also a source of frustration as they are held up by lots of tourists recreating the scene for a picture. Caveat: I've done that myself...

Abbey Road is my son's favourite Beatles album. We listened to it recently while on a Kent road trip.

Aug 22: Cold War Steve's latest work

Cold War Steve has produced a cultural collage representing the West Midlands. He has previously created work specific to Birmingham (I have a framed and signed copy of that one). This covers a broader area. Slade in pride of place at the top there.

A list of the artists featured is on the web page if you want to test how many you can identify.

On his website he says:

‘I’m a Brummie and I’ve created Birmingham works before (although not solely concentrating on music) and I was always a bit frustrated by the strict parameters I’d set myself. They had to be from Birmingham – even if they were just down the road in Walsall or Coventry they didn’t make the cut – which I was able to do, because Birmingham has been blessed with such a rich history of creative artists. However, I wondered how even more magnificent it would be if I just widened the net a little. The joy with my Manchester piece was the prefix of ‘Greater’ – with ‘Greater’ Manchester I wasn’t restricted to a self-imposed rigid geographical area. I could encompass not just the actual city of Manchester, but also Salford, Oldham, Stockport, Bury etc. So now I present to you my WEST MIDLANDS MAGNUS OPUS!"

You can buy a copy of this, or some of his other work from the website.

Check out his Manchester version here too, which I'd missed seeing.

From 808 State to Herman’s Hermits, via Georgie Fame, Marcus Intalex, Happy Mondays, DJ Paulette, Mark E Smith, Mr Scruff, Lonelady, Space Afrika, the Bee Gees, Demdike Stare and so many more.

He's also worked on a similar collage for Sheffield. I see John Shuttleworth there....

It's called 'Sheffield - it's alright'.

The name of the piece comes from the late Steve Mackey of Pulp, who once described how people in Sheffield downplay things compared to those in other cities. To describe something, you really love can simply be reflected as "alright".

Aug 13: A Song for the Horses

As permafrost in Siberia continues to melt and the steppe in the Gobi turns to desert, people in Mongolia are faced with overlapping climate crises. Some nomadic herders describe climate change as the end of a world. They are quick to add that the world has ended before for Indigenous people in North Asia, as waves of colonialism have left the steppe with a complicated web of apocalypses. A Song for the Horses by K. G. Hutchins examines cases in which people respond to the pressures of climate change by drawing on cultural heritage to foster social resiliency.

Hutchins’s ethnographic research, spanning more than a decade, provides a vivid and intimate portrayal of Mongolian life. Musicians use the morin khuur, or ‘horse fiddle,’ to engage with the subjectivities and agencies of nonhuman animals and other beings. This work is a significant contribution to the posthuman turn in social sciences, engaging with theories from prominent scholars such as Donna Haraway and Anna Tsing .

As climate change continues to impact communities worldwide, this book offers a unique perspective on how cultural heritage can be mobilized to address environmental challenges, providing valuable lessons for global efforts to build sustainable and resilient futures. At the intersection of music, environment, and posthumanism, A Song for the Horses shows how Mongolian musicians use cultural traditions to imagine and build toward alternative futures beyond climate change and neoliberalism.

Aug 5: We didn't start the fire...

A song by Billy Joel with a set of lyrics containing a great many cultural icons. It's a rapid-fire, stream-of-consciousness historical timeline spanning 1949 to 1989, to argue that his generation "didn't start the fire"... 

How many names or events do you recognise?

You're allowed to listen to it twice and write them down.

Britannica have created this page which explains all the 119 references in the song.

Jul 18: K-Pop 'conquering' North Korea

An interesting article on the BBC News website about the power of BTS.

"North Korea is a place where the whole system is set up so that there can only be one celebrity, one idol - Kim Jong Un," says Hannah Oh, a 25-year-old defector.

But as it turns out, North Koreans have discovered other idols, like BTS and Blackpink, and before them, Girls' Generation, Teen Top and 2PM.

BTS's Korean name Bangtan Sonyeondan has even become a part of everyday slang in the North, one defector says: "People say things like, 'Have you tried on a Bangtan vest?' or 'Have you worn a Bangtan backpack?'"

More on this here.

And check out Carl Lee's earlier guest post on the power of K-POP.

Jul 8: World Cup Playlists #2 - World Cup cities

Investigating Spotify, you will be able to find the playlists for all the host cities.

You can listen to the host city themes on this playlist. These are all "variations on a theme..." and not memorable...

As well as the theme, the playlists feature songs which are played in each of the stadia...

I love that the Toronto playlist has this track from Rush.

YYZ is the airport code for Toronto airport.

The rhythm is based on Morse Code.

Neil Peart remembers..

"The rhythm stuck in my head and I said, ‘Guys!’ So then, thematically we said, ‘We’ll let’s use that airport — so much a part of our lives in those days and after — let’s use that as a metaphor in a sense. Again, in a playful way. There was no sense of ‘Okay, this part is this part’ and all that. But there is a sense of bustling and coming and going and the grand emotion of that middle section of what airports can be. In our lives, airports were rich with symbolism. Departures and comings and goings; departures and arrivals. Separations and meetings. That was kind of woven into the song. The exotic nature of travel, too, and Alex’s guitar solo for sure too. He wove in that kind of eastern mode."

Source; Wikipedia

More posts to come...

Jul 8: Seen and herd

That was the punny title of an article in The Guardian at the weekend.

It described the music of the Maasai and Samburu.

This is being shared more widely than it would previously have been using social media.

In the past, a visit in person would have been needed to hear these songs.

Here's an early example that was mentioned in the piece.

A new generation of musicians is wielding unprecedented cultural power, updating traditional patterns and reclaiming a sense of pride in symbolic spaces.

The piece mentions the use of the AI, to protect Maasai lands. This is called Maasai Skywatch.

“Music always played a central role in retaining Maasai history,” says Meitamei Ole Dapash, a Maasai leader and activist. “Not only as expression, but as a living archive of identity, memory and social relations. In school, we are taught everything but our own culture. Thanks to the rise of our local artists, we now witness a true cultural renaissance.”

Others set out to convince estranged members of the community of the benefits of semi-nomadic rural life, like Kamurar Maasai in his song Osingolio Loongishu.If we don’t update our roots, our songs will be forgotten and the community will forget about their customsNg’otiek Nelson

“Since I started singing songs on modern beats concerning cows, a lot of Maasai are coming back to their culture. The song compels them to find their way home and get their own cows,” he says.

The spiritual meaning of cattle is rooted in the Maasai origin story, as the animals are said to have arrived on Earth from the heavens alongside the first humans.

This song talks about cows and urging the young generation - the person who takes his time to watch this song - to go and find and find for himself. The song belongs to ilmerishi age set and their chief is ole Naing'isa and another one called ole Leintoi.

And here's a final song mentioned in the piece: Ng'otiek Nelson.

In the Maasai land, where savannas roam.

Warriors rise with the sun's warm tone 

Adorned in red, they dance with pride  

Their culture beats, like the wildebeest stride.

With songs of old, they tell their tale 

Cattle wealth, and the land they hail ️

Jumping high, in a warrior's leap  

Their spirit lives, in every step 

Long live Kakangu

Jul 7: World Cup Playlists #1

A cross posting from my Cultural Geography and LivingGeography blogs.

A few World Cup playlists on Spotify.

There is an official World Cup album here.

If you've been watching the coverage (or been in the stadiums in person), you will have heard some familiar songs played at most matches.

These are often from the official FIFA playlist.

This article explains the background to perhaps why certain songs like 'Freed from Desire' and 'Livin' on a Prayer' can often be heard.

The songs are not random. Hundreds — more than 750, in fact, according ​to soccer governing body FIFA — are chosen in advance. FIFA has a "Stadium Entertainment Team" that works with the participating national associations to create playlists ‌that mix stadium classics with country-specific favourites.

Each team has a "signature" song played when the line-up is announced, a warm-up song, and a track that is played if they score a goal. And one set of fans after each game gets to sing along to the post-match winning-team tune.

The playlists give an interesting cultural snapshot of the World Cup, in which 48 teams participated for the first time in ​2026.

Some tracks — such as The White Stripes' "Seven Nation Army," AC/DC's "Thunderstruck" and, yes, 1990s Eurodance hit "Freed from Desire" by Gala, which has been doing the rounds of ​sports stadiums for at least a decade — have global reach, appearing on more than one list.

Cities also have themes. Here's Mexico City's...

This one collects World Cup songs 2010-2026.

Here's the official World Cup Theme... bland...

The England fans have also adopted this song, which ends up being sung at the end of matches between the team and the fans... 

I'll return to this theme in some later blog posts as we head for the Final, where I explore some of the choices of particular countries and go into more detail on the cultural significance of their choices....

May 5: Music related CPD - John Wilkinson and Miranda Sawyer

I mentioned earlier in the blog that John Wilkinson was a key inspiration in the development of this blog, and he has now developed a new online PTI course which may be of interest.

This online course will explore how Britpop can be used as a lens to examine the socio-economic, political, and cultural landscape of 1990s Britain. It will consider how music reflects identity, lived experience, and sense of place, while addressing the challenge of maintaining academic rigour when using music in Geography.

Participants will learn how to use music as a focused and effective stimulus for discussion, grounded in the cultural zeitgeist of the 1990s, and aligned with the Key Stage 5 Changing Places curriculum.

Aims of the course:

• Apply the nexus of music, sport and politics to explore the socio-economic, political and cultural landscape of 1990s Britain
• Examine how Britpop reflects cultural identity, lived experience, and sense of place

This course is for:

• Teachers delivering Changing Places at Key Stage 5
• Teachers seeking to enrich their teaching of place, identity and cultural geography
• Teachers interested in using cultural material (e.g. music) to deepen geographical thinking

The guest speaker is Miranda Sawyer. Miranda is an English journalist and broadcaster. Besides her features and radio criticism for the ‘Observer’, her writing has appeared in ‘GQ’, ‘Vogue’ and the ‘Guardian’. She is a regular arts critic in print, on television and on radio. She broadcasts on Radio 4 and for The Culture Show (BBC TV) and was the host of the popular podcast, Papercut. She is on the board of Tate Members, the South London Gallery and Sound Women. 

Her latest book, Uncommon People, was published in 2024.

It's a good book. I got it out of the library and a review is forthcoming in a future post.

Book using this link.

Free for PTI Unlimited schools & PTI member departments. Just £20+VAT for non-members.

May 1: A world of music in May

During May, I shall be focussing a little on different countries (with some small diversions for important dates and other things) and this will continue in other months.

Search 'TOP 50' on Spotify to find the various global charts as they stand.

The posts will introduce a few musical acts from each country which are in my collection or which I used to have in my collection or who I have seen in concert.

There used to be an excellent map which you could access which was created from Gracenote data. This was used to add the song details to files which were ripped from CDs into iTunes and similar places.

Spotify does allow you to search the globe and see what is in the charts in a number of different countries. 

There is usually quite a bit of overlap in the charts between countries and a useful cultural globalisation idea that I used to have in a lesson was to look at the top 10 and see which musical acts were present in more than one country.

Apr 15: Maps on Vinyl

This is a chunky book and a great endeavour from the cartographer Damien Saunder. 

It is clothed in black cloth and with an embossed LP with cartographic meridians.

It features a wealth of album covers, quite a few of which are familiar but many of which are new to me. 

I have been discovering some new bands from this book, which is always a good sign.

Publishers' description:

Presenting 415 album covers – beautifully reproduced, expertly laid out and accompanied by deeply researched text – Maps on Vinyl will especially appeal to map enthusiasts, vinyl junkies, music fans, graphic designers and artists.

The book is the brainchild of renowned Australian cartographer Damien Saunder, whose expertise has been utilised by Apple, National Geographic, Earth (the world’s largest atlas) and even Roger Federer. A keen crate-digger, he has amassed possibly the world’s most extensive private collection of records featuring maps on their covers, resulting in this one-of-a-kind book. 


Records by artists including Madonna, Oasis, Coldplay, Grateful Dead, Bob Marley, XTC, MC5, Queen, New Order, James Brown, Brian Eno and Weezer are featured, with cover art created by many giants of the design world, including Peter Saville, Curtis McNair, Richard Gray, Alton Kelly, Stanley Mouse, Neville Garrick, Roger Dean and Pedro Bell.

The records headlined span music from 1939 to today, and the book is divided into eight chapters highlighting different aspects of the collection – ‘C(art)ography’, ‘We Built This City’, ‘On the Road’, ‘African Beats’, ‘Astroworlds’, ‘Ocean Whispers’, ‘Maps with Attitude’ and ‘Music from Here’.

Maps on Vinyl is a beautiful artefact, but it’s also an important historical and cultural document, revealing how maps have been used in album cover design to reinforce a lyrical story, share a political view, express concern for the state of the world or creatively identify the origins of the music and the people who make it.

My copy was was purchased from Stanford's in London and is a signed first edition, and was also purchased with my RGS discount.

It's definitely a coffee table kind of book. One to browse and point out - "oh yes, I had that on vinyl" or "one of my favourites"...

Apr 9: Good Bunny

I've been preparing a lengthy post for my LivingGeography blog and to share at the GA Conference. 

It's now ready and I'm posting it today to coincide with my session at the GA Conference 2026.

It's taken me a while to get this post finished. It would have been better nearer the actual event, but better to be accurate and useful than rush something out.

It's also going to be part of my session at the GA Conference which I'm co-presenting with Matt Podbury.

It's also a cross-posting from my World of Music blog. This is taking shape nicely and is well into its second month, with hundreds of blog posts in draft ready to go, and some very nice guest blog posts already edited and ready to share.

The Superbowl half-time show is one of the highest profile cultural events in the USA (although three times as many people globally will watch a top-level Premier League football match than the Super Bowl itself).

This year, the musical act chosen was Bad Bunny.

Bad Bunny's Wikipedia entry describes him as follows:

Benito Antonio Martínez Ocasio (Latin American Spanish: born March 10, 1994), known professionally as Bad Bunny, is a Puerto Rican rapper, singer, record producer, and occasional professional wrestler.

Dubbed the "King of Latin Trap", he is widely credited with helping Spanish-language rap reach mainstream global popularity and is considered one of the greatest Latino rappers of all time.

He has won numerous awards, and also appeared in a range of films. He was the first Spanish speaking artist to win Album of the Year - at the 2026 Grammy's.

Bad Bunny has been named Spotify's most-streamed artist globally four times (2020, 2021, 2022, and 2025), making him the first and only artist to achieve this distinction.

Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,is a self-governing Caribbean archipelago and island organized as an unincorporated territory of the United States under the designation of commonwealth.

Puerto Ricans have been US Citizens since 1917.

Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquen, a derivation of Borikén, its indigenous Taíno name, which is popularly said to mean 'Land of the Valiant Lord'. 

The terms boricua, borinqueño, and borincano are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage

Puerto Rico was colonised by the Spanish before the Americans claimed it.

In 2017, Puerto Rico suffered back-to-back large hurricanes: the Category 5 Hurricane Irma and the Category 4 Hurricane Maria.The storms caused an extreme amount of damage to the island, causing the following effects: all power was knocked out, 95% cell service, 43% of waste water treatment plants, 40 thousand land slides, 97% of roads blocked, 28% of health facilities damaged, leading to over 90% of the population applying for assistance after the storms.

(Seek out Gemma Sou's 'After Maria' project)

This has also become the subject of a Bad Bunny protest song - El Apagón ('The Power Outage') about continuing power problems.

“His very presence on the stage is a statement,” said Petra Rivera-Rideau, co-author of the book P FKN R: How Bad Bunny Became the Global Voice of Puerto Rican Resistance. 

“The fact is that we’re currently in a moment where Spanish is seen as a mark of being foreign, of not belonging, where people are getting profiled for being Spanish speakers – that ups the ante and importance. It can’t really be overstated.”

Source

There was lots of coverage of the politics of the selection ahead of the show.

The show didn't go down well with a certain old man...

Apologies for sharing the following image:

This De Adder cartoon went out in Canada, with thanks to Peggy March for sharing it.

MAGA weren't pleased, and created their own rival show.

A piece in the Financial Times suggested a link with future US foreign policy. This link may not be permanent. Rana Foroohar suggested that the show:

"..provided a decent political roadmap for what a post-Maga America should aspire to embrace: pro-growth humanism inside and outside our own borders..."

There's a great image as well to reinforce the global spread of the musician.

The Guardian review here provides a summary of his Half time show and points out the cultural references back to Puerto Rico.

These include the reference to Boricua joy.

Scenes described in the Guardian piece linked to above include:

1. A young man carrying a Puerto Rican flag before a sea of sugarcane opened with a benediction for all of us: “Qué rico es ser latino. Hoy se bebe,” (“How sweet it is to be Latino. Today we drink”)

Sugar cane is an important crop and is linked with colonialism and slavery in locations where it has been cultivated.

2. References to Puerto Rican community life.

• los viejos playing dominos,
• street vendors selling coco frío, piraguas and tacos (sold by Los Angeles’s actual Villa’s Tacos),
• boxers Xander Zayas and Emiliano Vargas in the fight,
• a man proposing to his girlfriend just as the femme-forward Yo Perreo Sola starts. “Las mujeres en el mundo entero,” he says, “perreando sin miedo”. (“The women in the whole world, perreando without fear.”)
• Behind him, at la casita he built in the image of a house on the island, is a yearbook of stars, including Karol G, Pedro Pascal, Cardi B, Jessica Alba, Young Miko and Alix Earle.

Bad Bunny carried the Puerto Rican flag of independence, the original flag of the territory that was outlawed until 1952 and is distinguished by its sky blue triangle. While performing a salsa version of her 2024 Bruno Mars duet Die With a Smile, Lady Gaga wore a dress in the same shade.

Finally, if you haven't seen it yet, the show can be seen here:

And a set list here

1. "Tití Me Preguntó" (Bad Bunny)
2. "Yo Perreo Sola" (Bad Bunny)
3. "Safaera" (Bad Bunny)
4. "VOY A LLeVARTE PA PR" (Bad Bunny)
5. "EoO" (Bad Bunny)
6. "Mónaco" (Bad Bunny)
7. "Die with a Smile" (Lady Gaga)
8. "BAILE INoLVIDABLE" (Bad Bunny)
9. "NUEVAYoL" (Bad Bunny)
10. "LO QUE LE PASÓ A HAWAii" (Bad Bunny and Ricky Martin)
11. "El Apagón" (Bad Bunny)
12. "CAFé CON RON" (Bad Bunny)
13. "DtMF" (Bad Bunny)

Some more responses to the show from musicians.

Jan 28: Out of field thinking

One of the aspects of the work I will be doing over the next year on this blog is to engage with research from "out of field". 

All teachers should engage with subject specific research to add complexity and nuance to their thinking. 

If the sources of information that are used for planning resources are limited, then the resources that are presented to students will not stretch them, or offer opportunities to show what they know first. As a geographer I engage with people from other disciplines: including poets, photographers and artists. My curriculum is also informed by sociologists, psychologists and anthropologists....

I got started on this with a piece by John Schofield and Ron Wright.

PDF download is here.

I will return to Sheffield later in the blog, when I start a series of posts about cities which have a particular "sonic heritage", and will draw on this work.

Reading / sources:

John Schofield & Ron Wright (2021): Sonic Heritage, Identity and Musicmaking in Sheffield, “Steel City”, Heritage & Society, DOI: 10.1080/2159032X.2021.1968227

Jan 15: UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage lists

UNESCO has a list of places that are designated as World Heritage Sites.

UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation.

It also has a list of other less tangible assets which deserve some sort of protection because of their connection with a particular place or region. These run into the hundreds and include a huge range of events and activities which are 'unique' to a place or group, and need protection to avoid dilution - much like the PGI status awarded to some foods which could otherwise be copied.

These are called the Intangible Cultural Heritage of places.

This diagram lets you dive into the lists, or there is a more practical list here which can be searched.

As you can see from the screen grab above - the 'objects' on the list include costumes, handicrafts, family traditions and rituals as well as dance and poetry.

Music is very well represented on the list.

Have you experienced some of these less well known musical styles or events on your travels? Perhaps you've come across a festival that you weren't expecting and that wasn't promoted particularly, or spent the night in a club when a startling act plays music of a kind that you've never heard before.

Here's a few examples:

- Oud

- Irish harping and the Uillean pipes

- the Hardanger fiddle in Norway

- the Chinese zither (guqin)

- Fado in Portugal

Some of these may well get their moment on the blog as the year progresses.

Jan 9: 'Hollow Point'

There is a long tradition of folk music and folk musicians exploring and challenging injustice - whether that be workers' rights, working conditions in the collieries, the treatment of Dust Bowl era migrants, trade unions or the state. I will feature some of these musicians on the blog, including people I saw performing such as Dick Gaughan.

We have had over a year now of Trump 2.0 which has dismantled many of the key elements of US society and protections for its landscapes and environment.

The videos coming out of Minneapolis in the last day, and the stance of the government in the face of video evidence is shocking.

Some on social media saw some parallels with an event which happened in London in 2005.

Jean Charles de Menezes was shot dead on July the 22nd 2005 by armed officers who were on high alert following the London bombings that had happened just a few weeks earlier, on July 7th 2005 and additional failed bombing attempts the previous day. Mistakes were made in the surveillance and the order that he should be detained before entering the tube station didn't reach the right people in time.

Chris Wood's song 'Hollow Point' explores the lead up to the event, and the 'inevitability' of what would happen despite the fact that Jean Charles wore only a thin cotton jacket. The pace of the song speeds up towards the end as the conclusion draws nearer... there is no stopping it it seems. The rhythm and intonation of the song adds atmosphere and tension. It's an emotional response to the events.

I saw Chris Wood play with Andy Cutting many years ago in a small venue. A lovely evening.

Twenty years on the family are still seeking justice as no one has yet been held accountable.

This performance at the Folk Awards of 2011 is remarkable.

Chris won the award for Best Original Song for "Hollow Point" and Folk Singer of the Year in 2011.

This website has produced an interesting learning resource about the use of language in the song. There are some accompanying downloads as well. This is not necessarily for use in a geography lesson, but I can see some interesting ideas here to adapt, for example, they suggest following the route that was taken that day.

This blog describes the importance of folk music in capturing details of events which will still be sung about in 100 years time... it has a permanence, an oral tradition.

What other songs of protest are you aware of, and which have an impact on you? 

Let me know using the Google Form below - more to come on this topic later on the blog...

Arriving in January 2026 - a World of Music

I've been working on preparations for a new 365 project blog: a post a day for a year, which will appear here from the 1st of January 2026, and its time to get more people involved if you have a few moments.

I've completed several of these 365 projects before, including my GeoLibrary blog, Geography on/in Film and Fieldnotes from Iceland.

This blog is going to be on the theme of music and its geographical connections in the broadest sense, including how it connects us to specific places or moments in time, captures landscapes and emotions or forms part of our cultural geography. 

Most people have some personal connections to particular musical genres or musicians.  

Few people go through life without music in it... we pick music for giving birth and saying goodbye for the final time; the 'first dance'; 'our song'... travelling music... music to get us to sleep or get us going in the morning.

Music provides comfort, enjoyment even personal moments of ecstasy. It can lead to obsession and collections and also provoke anger. It can be political and radical or anodyne and mainstream and called "elevator music" for its blandness.

The creation and consumption of music has an environmental, economic and social impact on the planet: From Taylor Swift's billion dollar plus ERAS tour, to a folk performer in an upstairs room in a pub.

Every generation has its opinions on the music of the past, and the new music that is emerging and becoming popular. Music or noise? "What's that you're listening to?".

We've also seen other changes to music over the decades.

• Different formats - the decline and rebirth of vinyl (and even the cassette tape)
• The rising price of concert tickets and the replacement of cardboard tickets with stubs to print your own or show me them on a phone screen... complete with animations in the case of AXS.

• The hybridisation of music to create new genres.
• Our consumption of music from the physical product in our hands to streaming and skipping from track to track - not the ritual of playing all of Side One then all of Side Two.

I've created a Google Form which I hope you'll help me with by completing as much of it as you can. It includes some of the areas that I will explore through 2026.

Thanks in advance if you feel able to help me out. 

Click the link here to open the form. 

On this version there is an opportunity for you to add images you've got of favourite concerts, tickets, t-shirts, memorabilia or anything else you'd like to share. Dig out those old ticket stubs or programmes, or creative maps of world tour routes.

I've made another version which is embedded here and can be filled in: